{"id":34163,"date":"2024-06-10T08:00:20","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T06:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.asparagusworld.com\/?post_type=news&p=34163"},"modified":"2025-07-08T09:18:32","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T09:18:32","slug":"the-art-of-covering-crops-in-asparagus-plantations","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/befve.com\/es\/news\/the-art-of-covering-crops-in-asparagus-plantations\/","title":{"rendered":"L’art de couvrir les cultures dans les plantations d’asperges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

La couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale entre les rangs dans les plantations d\u2019asperges est une pratique r\u00e9cente<\/strong>, initi\u00e9e sur les cultures d\u2019asperges vertes pour faciliter le passage des machines de r\u00e9colte et limiter la compaction des sols<\/strong>. Cette technique a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 d\u2019autres avantages, notamment une protection contre le vent<\/strong>, qui permet d\u2019obtenir des turions de meilleure qualit\u00e9 et plus droits<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices agronomiques, thermiques, \u00e9cologiques et environnementaux<\/strong> de la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale ont conduit \u00e0 son adoption \u00e9galement dans les cultures d\u2019asperges blanches, dans plusieurs r\u00e9gions de production europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un effet coupe-vent b\u00e9n\u00e9fique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
C. Befve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019un point de vue agronomique, la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale am\u00e9liore la structure du sol<\/strong> gr\u00e2ce au d\u00e9veloppement des racines \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents niveaux du sol, ce qui augmente sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau<\/strong>. Elle prot\u00e8ge \u00e9galement contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 racines pivotantes capturent les \u00e9l\u00e9ments min\u00e9raux<\/strong> en profondeur (notamment les nitrates) et limitent leur lessivage<\/strong>, tandis que les l\u00e9gumineuses enrichissent le sol en azote<\/strong>. Le broyage des feuilles et racines augmente la teneur en humus<\/strong>. L\u2019ajout de mati\u00e8re organique stimule l\u2019activit\u00e9 microbienne<\/strong> du sol, am\u00e9liorant la disponibilit\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque la couverture est maintenue pendant toute la dur\u00e9e de vie de la plantation<\/strong>, le taux de mati\u00e8re organique est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans les inter-rangs<\/strong>, ce qui rend la parcelle plus favorable \u00e0 la replantation<\/strong>, notamment dans les plantations \u00e0 grand \u00e9cartement (> 3,50 m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il peut \u00eatre judicieux d\u2019opter pour une couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale permanente<\/strong> afin de profiter de ses effets thermiques<\/strong> tout au long du cycle. Au printemps, lorsque la couverture pousse au-dessus des buttes avant la r\u00e9colte<\/strong>, elle cr\u00e9e un effet coupe-vent<\/strong> qui :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u00e9vite que les b\u00e2ches s\u2019envolent<\/strong> ou soient d\u00e9plac\u00e9es,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • acc\u00e9l\u00e8re le r\u00e9chauffement<\/strong> des buttes, moins expos\u00e9es au vent (souvent du nord).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Un degr\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaire au-dessus de 12 \u00b0C<\/strong> \u00e0 la couronne peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer 30 kg\/ha suppl\u00e9mentaires r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par jour<\/strong> au d\u00e9but de la saison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Une fois broy\u00e9e, la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale augmente la portance du sol<\/strong>, facilitant le passage des engins de r\u00e9colte, m\u00eame par temps pluvieux<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Une couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale implant\u00e9e, ma\u00eetris\u00e9e et entretenue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"
    C. Befve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c0 la fin de la r\u00e9colte, de nouvelles plantes se d\u00e9veloppent, cr\u00e9ant un habitat favorable \u00e0 la faune auxiliaire<\/strong> (syrphes, carabes, chrysopes, coccinelles, etc.) et limitant la croissance des adventices<\/strong> dans les inter-rangs \u2014 un atout en agriculture biologique<\/strong> ou en r\u00e9duction des herbicides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Une fois broy\u00e9e, la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation peut \u00eatre \u00e9tal\u00e9e sur les lignes de plantation<\/strong>, agissant comme paillis naturel<\/strong>, limitant la repousse d\u2019herbes sur le rang. En automne et hiver<\/strong>, la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale att\u00e9nue l\u2019effet des fortes pluies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cependant, certains inconv\u00e9nients<\/strong> peuvent appara\u00eetre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Moins d\u2019a\u00e9ration<\/strong> au niveau des rangs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Humidit\u00e9 accrue<\/strong>, propice aux maladies,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9ventuel de rongeurs<\/strong> dans certaines situations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      La couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale doit donc \u00eatre sem\u00e9e, contr\u00f4l\u00e9e et entretenue<\/strong>. Elle peut \u00eatre implant\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin de la r\u00e9colte et profiter des pluies. Sinon, l\u2019irrigation par aspersion facilite son installation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Il est recommand\u00e9 de m\u00e9langer plusieurs familles de plantes<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Gramin\u00e9es<\/strong> : seigle, avoine, ray-grass (racines fascicul\u00e9es importantes),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Crucif\u00e8res<\/strong> : radis fourrager, radis chinois, moutarde blanche (racine pivotante),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • L\u00e9gumineuses<\/strong> : tr\u00e8fle d\u2019Alexandrie, lentille fourrag\u00e8re (fixation de l\u2019azote).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        La dur\u00e9e souhait\u00e9e<\/strong> de la couverture (permanente ou temporaire) influence le choix des esp\u00e8ces<\/strong>, notamment leur r\u00e9sistance au gel<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Sensibles au gel : avoine, tr\u00e8fle d\u2019Alexandrie, phac\u00e9lie,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Peu sensibles : ray-grass, seigle, lentille, radis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Quantit\u00e9 recommand\u00e9e : 12 \u00e0 15 kg\/ha<\/strong>, selon l\u2019\u00e9cartement des rangs et la largeur de l\u2019inter-rang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Une meilleure int\u00e9gration paysag\u00e8re des plastiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Maintenir une couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale permanente<\/strong> n\u00e9cessite quelques adaptations<\/strong>, voire des investissements mat\u00e9riels<\/strong>. Les longs espacements entre les rangs<\/strong> permettent de maintenir l\u2019herbe toute l\u2019ann\u00e9e<\/strong>, tout en laissant suffisamment de terre pour former les buttes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Certains fabricants de mat\u00e9riel (comme Engels<\/strong>) ont adapt\u00e9 leurs butteuses pour pr\u00e9server la couverture herbac\u00e9e<\/strong> (voir section \u00c9quipements).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          M\u00eame si cela demande des passages r\u00e9guliers<\/strong> avec tracteur et broyeur pour contr\u00f4ler la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation (tous les 8 \u00e0 10 jours avec irrigation par aspersion, ou toutes les 3 semaines avec goutte-\u00e0-goutte), la consommation de carburant est bien inf\u00e9rieure<\/strong> \u00e0 celle des outils de travail du sol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Enfin, cette \u00abv\u00e9g\u00e9talisation\u00bb des rangs am\u00e9liore l\u2019int\u00e9gration paysag\u00e8re des parcelles<\/strong> d\u2019asperges et r\u00e9duit la pollution visuelle<\/strong> souvent critiqu\u00e9e par les riverains.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          The recent practice of using vegetation covers provides agronomic, thermal, ecological and environmental benefits. 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